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Tomb of Rekhmire (TT100) |
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Rekhmire was 'Governor of the Town' (Thebes) and 'Vizier' during the
reigns of Tuthmose III and Amenhotep II of Dynasty XVIII. His tomb can
be found on the south-eastern slope of the upper enclosure at Sheikh 'Abd
el-Qurna, a little below the tomb of Sennefer (TT96).
As the highest civil official of the land, Rekhmire built his tomb as
a simple T-shaped structure in the traditional style, although on a
larger scale and it has the unusual features of a very long passage
with a steeply sloping ceiling. The passage does not contain a burial
shaft and this leads us to suppose that Rekhmire was buried somewhere
else in the necropolis (perhaps in the King's Valley) although another
tomb has never been found. The hall and passage are spectacularly
decorated with lively and exceptionally well-preserved scenes, some
conventional and some unique. They give important details of daily
life in the New Kingdom, making this perhaps the most interesting tomb
in the Theban necropolis.
The entrance is decorated with the usual offering texts and prayers.
The wall of the hall to the left of the entrance (south-west) shows
Rekhmire in the Hall of Judgement inspecting the produce of Egypt
including cattle, grain and gold, delivered to him as taxes. The text
describes the goods brought from the areas of Elephantine down to
Assiut and it was the vizier's responsibility to receive and account
for these taxes for the king. The short wall at the left side of the
hall has a long autobiographical text of Rekhmire.
The wall opposite the entrance at the southern end depicts the tribute
brought from foreign countries in five registers. In the top register
produce from the land of Punt is recorded by scribes and includes
incense trees (myrrh), gold and precious stones, ivory, a baboon,
monkeys and animal skins. Below this comes the tribute from Keftju
(Crete or the Mediterranean Islands), which includes decorative vases,
silver, lapis lazuli, and amphorae and pots in the shape of animal
heads. The men bringing the tribute are painted wearing Mycenean
rather than Minoan kilts, showing that Mycenean trade probably began
during the reign of Tuthmose III. In the next register Nubians or
Kushites bring various animals - giraffe, leopard, baboons, monkeys
cattle and dogs as well as ostrich eggs and feathers. Below, Syrians
(from the land of Retjenu) dressed in long white robes and pointed
beards bring their tribute in the form of wagons and horses, a bear
and an elephant, weapons and metal vessels, copper ingots and pottery.
In the bottom register a diverse group of foreigners including women
and children are brought by military escort probably as captives or
hostages. At the end of the wall is a very damaged scene which once
depicted Rekhmire before Tuthmose III seated on his throne. |
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The wall to the right of the entrance shows scenes of tax collection
from the northern regions. Rekhmire supervised the work of artisans in
the temple workshops and royal statues and sphinxes are made for the
Temple of Amun. Other objects in the top register include necklaces,
weapons, and various vessels and furniture, which may have been
intended as burial equipment. Below, men bring provisions, with scenes
of baking and brewing. At the end of this wall there are agricultural
scenes showing the recording of cattle, measuring the crop, and the
usual ploughing, sowing and harvesting scenes but these are not
well-preserved.
The short wall at the right-hand end of the hall originally contained
many members of Rekhmire's family, but is not now in a very good
condition. Rekhmire and his wife Meryt can no longer be seen, but
their sons Menkheperresoneb and Amenhotep are named with their wives
in the inscriptions along with the tomb-owner's grandparents and other
relatives. Rekhmire's grandfather Ametju and uncle User were both
viziers before him.
The wall opposite the entrance to the right depicts Rekhmire
inspecting the produce of the 'Road to Horus' - ibex, oryx, wild bulls
and hyenas are brought with a hunting dog. Below this is a scene of
treading grapes to produce wine and preparing fish and fowl for
cooking though these are not as well portrayed as in the tomb of Nakht
or Menna. Further along the wall are remaining scenes of hunting in
the desert with slain animals heaped up waiting to be recorded by the
scribes. There are ostriches, wild bulls, lions, gazelles and hyena in
a fenced stockade.
The paintings in the long passage are better-preserved and superb in
their detail. Some of those at the far end however, are very high up
on the wall and difficult to photograph. Because they are so detailed
I will only give a brief outline of their content and order. Beginning
on the left-hand wall are six registers where Rekhmire supervises the
preparation, storage and distribution of provisions for the temple.
Next is a series of scenes in eight registers which includes the
industries of the Temple of Amun, including the weighing and recording
of gold collected as taxes. The paintings show the artisans at work on
their crafts, with leather-workers, rope-makers, carpenters,
metal-workers, brick-makers and builders. Sculptors haul stone to be
used in the manufacture of two royal colossal statues. These are
important scenes showing the methods of production of the crafts of
ancient Egypt. |
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Towards the end of the left-hand wall there are ten registers
depicting the funeral procession moving towards the garden of Osiris,
where the Goddess of the West waits with Anubis and Osiris to receive
the deceased. Pictures include the setting up of two obelisks and a 'teknu'
and the 'Pilgrimage to Abydos'. The funeral rites end with Rekhmire
and his wife Meryt seated before an offering table while their sons
Menkheperresoneb, Mery and Amenhotep offer to their parents. The
hieroglyphic text transcribes the offering-list. The end wall had a
niche at the top bordered by texts on either side and a false door
(now in the Louvre) with the remains of another below.
On the right-hand wall there are more scenes of offering and
purification where Rekhmire is shown holding the sekhem-sceptre of his
office, with his wife Meryt behind him with their sons
Menkheperresoneb, Amenhotep and Senwosret. In ten registers the
funeral rites (ceremony of the 'Opening of the mouth') are carried out
before statues of the deceased. A magnificent walled garden surrounded
by trees contains a pool with a boat on it, in which the deceased's
statue is standing, probably also part of the funeral rites. The
funeral banquet comes next, arranged in eight registers showing
Rekhmire's daughters and sons offering to the deceased and his wife.
With the guests who are waited on by servants there are male and
female singers and musicians playing lutes, tambourines, harps and
clappers. In one scene a small servant girl stands behind Rekhmire's
mother and is shown in a back-view - the only known instance of this
aspect in ancient Egyptian art.
In the last scenes on this wall Rekhmire takes a journey by boat,
returning from 'Het-sekhem' (north of Thebes) where he has been
received and confirmed in his office presumably by the new ruler,
Amenhotep II, a cause for great rejoicing. |
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| Entrance |
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| The tomb of Rekhmire is open from 7.00am to 5.00pm. |
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