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Tomb of Kheruef (TT192) |
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Kheruef, also called Senaa, was 'Steward of the Great Royal Wife,
Tiye', 'Royal Scribe' and 'First Royal Herald' during the reign of
Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV. His tomb is found in the area of
Asasif, to the south of Deir el-Bahri. The tomb complex is very large,
as befits a man in his exalted position, but was unfinished at the
time of his death (he was never buried in the tomb) and most of the
inner rooms of the structure are closed off. Kheruef's tomb is entered
down a staircase and passage which leads to a large open court leading
to several other later tombs.
At the entrance to the passage a double-scene on the lintel depicts
Amenhotep IV (later Akhenaten) with his mother Tiye offering to
deities and includes offering texts with a cartouche of Tiye at the
bottom. The scenes in the passage are very damaged but can just about
be recognised as Amenhotep IV adoring his deified parents (on the
left), with Kheruef kneeling below. Representations of Amenhotep IV
were defaced, presumably after the Amarna period, even though work on
the tomb had ceased before he had become Akhenaten. Perhaps Kheruef
was buried at Amarna. As a steward of Queen Tiye, he may later also
have been part of Akhenaten's court, but we shall probably never know.
The most important reliefs are on the rear wall of the portico on the
western side of the court. This was originally fronted by square
pillars and was the only part of the tomb to be completely decorated.
The space between the pillars was filled in with a wall at a later
date, turning the portico into what today looks like a corridor.
Beginning at the southern end of the western wall (the far end to the
left of the entrance) there are two registers containing scenes of the
first heb-sed (jubilee festival) of Amenhotep III, celebrated in Year
30, Day 27, of the second month of Shemu. Kheruef, as royal steward,
must have played an important part in the organisation of the
festival.
Going back to the southern end of the wall, the bottom register shows
the celebrations of the heb-sed festival with two rows of female
dancers and musicians. In the top row the girls are probably Libyans
and they are performing graceful dances with their heads held low and
their hair hanging forward over their faces. Curiously, I have seen
very similar dances performed in modern Egyptian religious festivals.
In front of the row of the dancers is a frolicking calf, a flying bird
and a baboon. |
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The bottom row shows women clapping, singing and playing instruments,
with two male chorus-leaders and male dancers (one seemingly wearing a
lion-mask) at the end of the row. The reliefs are beautifully and
elegantly carved as one would expect during this period. To the
right-hand side of the bottom row, four pairs of girls are depicted
carrying jars and vessels which the text tells us are made from gold
and electrum - there are similar vessels on offering-stands in front
of each pair. The inscription also implies that these are daughters of
foreign leaders, who may have been brought up in the Egyptian royal
court. This is one of the most beautiful reliefs in the tomb. The
princesses are wearing long elegant gowns with broad collars, have
short, elaborately carved wigs with sidelocks and a curious
square-shaped head-dress. Their feet are bare. Between the two rows of
dancers and musicians is an inscribed text of a song to Hathor.
Beyond the princesses, to the right on the bottom register, is a badly
damaged scene which originally depicted Kheruef and other officials
being rewarded with the 'Gold of Honour' (the gold collars can still
be seen on a table), as part of the ceremonies. He stands before
Amenhotep III, who is seated in an elaborate kiosk, with Hathor as
'Mistress of Dendera' (holding a protective arm around the king) and
Queen Tiye behind him. In this scene, which takes up the whole
wall-space, the king is wearing the double crown, heb-sed dress,
sandals and carrying the crook and flail, the royal insignia. The base
of the kiosk is decorated with reliefs depicting rekhyt-birds which
generally symbolise the populace of Egypt and perhaps also the rebels
the king has subdued. The text in front of the kiosk gives full
details of the titles of Amenhotep III, the date of his first
sed-festival and names some of the officials who took part.
The wall at the northern end of the portico displays scenes from
another sed-festival, the third of Amenhotep III, this time dated to
Year 37 of his reign. The king's second heb-sed is not recorded here.
Beginning at the far end of the wall there are two registers. The top
register is not well-preserved, but depicted a group of eight
princesses with sistra, in two rows. Texts stated that these were the
daughters of the king. In front of this, in a scene again very
damaged, Amenhotep III followed by his queen performs a ceremony of
'Raising the Djed-Pillar'. This is a ritual usually performed during
the feast of Khoiakh to represent the stability of the ruler, here it
is associated with Ptah-Sokar-Osiris and performed on the morning of
the sed festival.
In the bottom register are three rows depicting celebrations of the
festival. The top row shows offering bearers bringing food for the
celebrations and men dancing, while to the left, male singers and
clappers stand before a text of the Hymn to Ptah-Sokar. The row below
depicts men boxing and stick-fighting with papyrus stalks (similar to
the tradition of stick-fighting in modern Egypt), games which were
popular in many of the festivals. There are also female dancers
(thought to be from the Western Oases, from their costume and
hairstyle) but they are not as graceful or well-carved as those on the
southern side of the portico. At the far end, on the bottom row,
cattle and donkeys are driven round the walls of Memphis - a ritual in
which the cattle circle the walls of the town four times, we are told
in the text. To the left a boat is bringing provisions to men who
carry them away and a cow is being slaughtered. |
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The left-hand side of the wall on the northern end of the portico
shows a similar scene to that on the southern end, with Amenhotep III
seated in a kiosk with his Great Royal Wife, Tiye, behind him. This
time the king is wearing the blue crown and a broad collar with the
'gold of honour' around his neck. Tiye's throne is decorated with a
female sphinx trampling female enemies and bound female Nubian and
Syrian captives. Below the kiosk is a row of bound prisoners, each
with a name-ring representing Egypt's defeated enemies (known as 'the
nine bows'). The texts in front of the royal couple give their titles.
Kheruef and other officials again stand before the kiosk (the scene is
damaged) and receives a decorative floral vase, a pectoral bearing the
cartouche of Queen Tiye and a pectoral with a scarab beetle and the
king's cartouche. |
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The entrance to the first columned hall is in the centre of the
portico, and is covered by a locked grill, but the visitor can see the
remains of cracked and damaged fluted columns. In this hall the lower
part of a seated statue of the deceased was found, which gave the
names of his parents. Fragments of another quartzite statue were also
found. The chamber beyond is a long pillared hall with a statue niche
at the rear.
It is a pity that Kheruef's tomb was unfinished and damaged. The
reliefs in the portico are among the finest of any tomb in the Theban
necropolis, and the style of artwork suggests that they were carved by
the same craftsmen who worked on the tomb of Ramose (TT55), a
contemporary of Kheruef. |
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| Entrance |
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| The Asasif tomb of Kheruef is open from 7.00am to 5.00pm. |
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