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Destroyed Temples |
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The Theban mortuary temples of the kings of Egypt have already been
listed, but there are many more sites of temples on the West Bank
which are now completely destroyed. This list of destroyed temple
sites begins at the southern end of the Theban necropolis at Malqata
and follows the edge of the cultivation towards the north at el-Tarif. |
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Temple of Amun (Amenhotep III)
Amenhotep III built a huge town and palace complex at Malqata, south
of Medinet Habu which included a Temple dedicated to the state god
Amun. Foundations of the temple can still be seen to the north of the
king's palace, east of the causeway which forms the modern track to
Armant. The temple also included a sanctuary of the god Re.
The Temple of Ay and Horemheb
The mortuary temple of Ay, known in ancient times as 'Menmenu', was
built on a site which was later adjoined on its southern side by
Rameses III's temple at Medinet Habu. The temple site may formerly
have belonged to Tutankhamun as two colossal statues of the young king
were found there. These had been inscribed by Ay then usurped by
Horemheb. The inner parts of the temple, consisting of two small
pillared halls with side chambers and three lateral sanctuaries were
built by Ay, but Horemheb re-used and added to these buildings. Ay's
successor built three pylons and courts in front of the original
structure and included a small palace in the third court. A peristyle
court and broad columned hall was added to Ay's temple and the whole
building then usurped by Horemheb. The broad columned hall is at
present being reconstructed.
The South Temple
A small structure known only as the 'South Temple' and now completely
destroyed is known to have existed a few hundred metres to the north
of Rameses III's temple at Medinet Habu.
Temple of Tuthmose II
Next to the South Temple a small structure, called in ancient times 'Shepsesankh',
was built by Tuthmose II. Blocks bearing the pharaoh's name were found
at the site. The temple was apparently completed and re-used by his
son Tuthmose III, whose name also features in scenes from wall
fragments found on the site.
Temple of Amenhotep, son of Hapu
A gift of a mortuary temple was given to Amenhotep, son of Hapu, a
high official in the court of Amenhotep III and the king's chief
architect and scribe, who was deified in Ptolemaic times for his
wisdom and healing powers. His temple was built adjacent to the small
temple of Tuthmose III and dwarfed the earlier structure. It was the
largest of non-royal mortuary temples on the West Bank. Behind the
first of two pylons was an area containing a pool surrounded by trees.
A pillared portico faced the second pylon and led into a columned
court with four chambers on either side. Behind this was a sanctuary
area with three shrines. Scant remains of Amenhotep's temple can still
be seen - a few column bases and blocks lay scattered around outside
the Pharaohs Hotel which is on the track from the Antiquities
Inspectorate (the ticket office) to Medinet Habu at Kom Lolla. |
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The North Temple
Immediately north of the Temple of Amenhotep, son of Hapu, was another
small destroyed structure similar in style to the South Temple. Little
beyond the basic plan is known.
Temple of Rameses IV
Virtually nothing survives of a temple built by Rameses IV. The 'North
Temple' was built partially on this site behind the Antiquities
Inspectorate.
Temple of Tawosret and Siptah
To the north of the Temple of Merenptah which includes the new
open-air museum, is the site of a destroyed temple built for the
reigning queen Tawosret, wife of Seti II, and her successor Siptah.
Although virtually nothing is known of the structure, foundation
deposits found at the site include faience plaques and jar-fragments
dating to the reign of Seti II.
Temple of Tuthmose IV
The site of a destroyed temple of Tuthmose IV is situated just to the
north of the Temple of Tawosret. In plan the temple consisted of two
pylons and courts, the second with a columned portico on its western
side. The inner areas which included a large peristyle court, are
similar to Amenhotep III's courts both in his mortuary temple and in
Luxor temple and it is suggested that this temple may have served as a
model for those succeeding it. The hypostyle hall had 24 pillars and
behind this was a transverse hall with sanctuaries. Various stelae,
statue fragments, blocks and bricks bearing the names of Tuthmose IV
were found by Petrie when he first investigated the site. Parts of
this site were excavated in the 1970s by an Italian Mission.
Temple of Wadjmose
A tiny structure, now gone, was built to the north of the Temple of
Tuthmose IV (just to the south of the Ramesseum) which is attributed
to Prince Wadjmose, a son of Tuthmose I. Whether the temple was built
in the name of Wadjmose, or for his father Tuthmose I, we do not know.
Statue fragments bearing the names of Wadjmose and Tuthmose I were
found here as well as various blocks of Tuthmose III. There were also
several stelae found, including fragments of one by Senemose, a tutor
of Wadjmose, with a text from year 21 of Tuthmose III (in Cairo
Museum) and another by Peshedu, 'Servant of the Place of Truth' (Deir
el-Medina) on which he adores Wadjmose (also in Cairo Museum).
Temple of Mentuhotep Sankhare
Petrie first investigated this Middle Kingdom temple which lies at the
foot of the Theban mountain between Deir el-Bahri and Deir el-Medina,
behind the village of Sheikh 'Abd el-Qurna. It is thought that the
structure was never completed and the temple consists today of only a
platform and causeway. The Ramesseum was built over the eastern end of
the causeway. Until recently it was thought that Mentuhotep
Nebhepetre's successor Mentuhotep Sankhare built this temple, as it
appears to have been planned as a similar structure to his father's
monument at Deir el-Bahri. Recent epigraphic and archaeological
surveys of the site during the 1980s and 1990s have suggested that it
was possibly Amenemhat I for whom it was begun. A sloping passage
leads down from the platform into the rock face and a corbelled
chamber lined with red granite. Hieratic graffiti was found in the
chamber.
Chapel of the 'White Queen'
This structure built just outside the northern wall of the Ramesseum
was first excavated by Petrie. On the site he found a white limestone
bust of Rameses' daughter and consort Merit-Amun, depicted in her
religious role as 'Sistrum-player of Mut' and 'Dancer of Horus'. It is
this artefact (now in Cairo Museum) which gives the temple its name.
Four Middle Kingdom statues have recently been found at the site,
probably taken from a nearby tomb.
Temple of Amenhotep II
Just to the east of the Chapel of the 'White Queen' another temple
site lay in the area which is now the northern side of the Ramesseum.
It was constructed by Amenhotep II and foundation deposits discovered
by Petrie at the site include five limestone plaques, two of which
bear the names of Amenhotep II. There were also several vases and a
wooden box from here which are now with the plaques in the Petrie
Museum (University College, London). A headless Osirid statue of
Amenhotep II in heb-sed dress is in Cairo Museum. The temple had a
court with columned porticos on each side.
Temple of Merenptah-Siptah
Northwest of the temple of Amenhotep II, on the left-hand side of the
modern road, is the site of a destroyed temple constructed by the
pharaoh Siptah of Dynasty XIX. This is a second temple attributed to
the ruler, the first being the one he usurped from Queen Tawosret to
the south. The temple site was excavated by Petrie and foundation
deposits naming Siptah and Chancellor Bay were found. These included
stone and faience plaques and vase fragments and jar-sealings from
years 3 and 4 of the king.
Temple of Tuthmose III
A mostly destroyed temple once belonging to Tuthmose III was situated
next to the temple of Siptah on the left-hand side of the road just
north of the Ramesseum. Unlike his Temple of Amun at Deir el-Bahri,
Tuthmose built this structure as a mortuary temple. It's ancient name
was 'Henket-ankh', and was probably begun in the earlier part of his
co-regency with Hatshepsut. It consited of a quay, pylon and court
which led to a façade with Osirid columns. The sanctuary was
constructed with a vaulted ceiling decorated with goddesses of the
hours of the day and night and a false door of the king on the rear
wall. A Chapel of Hathor contained blocks re-used from earlier
structures. Foundation deposits from the temple include a copper
chisel of Tuthmose III which is now in Cairo Museum and a plaque with
the name of the temple, now in the British Museum. |
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Ramesside Temple
To the north of the temple of Tuthmose III is the site of a destroyed
and probably unfinished temple which appears to have been begun by
Rameses IV and re-used by Rameses V and VI. Many fragments from the
structure have been found. Sandstone reliefs depicting the head of
Rameses VI came from the second court. Many remains of re-used blocks
from other monuments were found including Osirid statues of Amenhotep
I and a block depicting Hatshepsut crowned by the god Amun from her
Valley Temple.
Valley Temple of Hatshepsut
At the end of the causeway of the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir
el-Bahri, lies the site of her Valley Temple which was destroyed in
antiquity. Carter discovered foundation deposits from the site which
include alabaster jars and tools. Bricks of Hatshepsut and Tuthmose I,
Amenhotep II and Princess Neferrure from this temple are in the
Metropolitan Museum (New York) and Cairo Museum. An alabaster dish
(also in the Metropolitan Museum) has a text concerning the foundation
of Hatshepsut's Great Temple at Deir el-Bahri. |
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Colonnaded Temple of Rameses IV
At the end of Hatshepsut's causeway and just north of the site of her
Valley Temple, Rameses IV constructed what is suggested to be a
colonnaded temple. When investigated by Carter and others foundation
deposits were recovered which included faience, alabaster and electrum
plaques of Rameses IV. Inscribed sandstone blocks from walls contained
the names of Rameses II and Tuthmose III.
Temple of Amenhotep I and Ahmose-Nefertari
On the edge of the cultivation, at the southern end of Dra 'Abu el-Naga
and to the west of the temple of Seti I was the tiny mortuary temple
of Amenhotep I, the second king of Dynasty XVIII. The southern part of
the temple was dedicated to Amenhotep I and contained blocks with
heb-sed scenes with the king seated in a kiosk between standards of
Horus and Set (reconstructed blocks in Berlin Museum). The northern
part was constructed in the name of Amenhotep's queen,
Ahmose-Nefertari. Various blocks and statue fragments were found,
including three of Ahmose-Nefertari. A sandstone stela, probably
dating to Dynasty XIX, was found at the entrance to an antechamber.
The temple is now destroyed.
Temple of Nebwenenef
Nebwenenef was one of the few non-royal individuals who had a mortuary
temple in the Theban necropolis. He was a 'First Prophet of Amun'
during the reign of Rameses II and a priest of Hathor of Dendera and
the god Onuris. The site of his destroyed monument lies close to the
temple of Seti I, just to the east of the temple of Amenhotep I. Early
investigations revealed foundation deposits including plaques and
model tools and a Dynasty XVIII-XIX trial piece of a royal head in
relief. Two broken colossal statues of Rameses II were found lying on
the ground at the entrance to the court. |
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