There are numerous ancient sites around the town of Bawiti, the
principal town of the oasis. Since Bahariya's fame which came with the
discovery of the 'Valley of the Golden Mummies' some of the other
monuments are now beginning to open up to visitors. At the Antiquities
Department in Bawiti, visitors can buy one ticket which gives access
to most of the open sites, with the exception of the 'Golden Mummies'
tombs. Behind the Antiquities Department a small museum housed in a
former warehouse contains five of the gilded Graeco-Roman mummies
preserved in glass cases, as well as a small collection of other
artefacts found in the oasis.
Among the ancient ruins still visible in the streets of Bawiti is an
impressive system of aqueducts (called manafis) which runs for almost
3km through the town to gardens and a spring called Ain el-Hubaga. The
spring and the aqueducts, which would have supplied water to the town
in ancient times for use in the cultivation of crops, were still in
use until the 20th century. It is usually assumed that the aqueducts
are Roman in origin, but Ahmed Fakhry believed them to date back at
least as far as Dynasty XXVI and were probably extended during the
Roman occupation. Many of the ventilation shafts can be seen amongst
the houses at Ain el-Hubaga. |
A little to the north of Ain el-Hubaga on a ridge is Qarat Qasr Salim,
where during his excavations in 1938, Fakhry discovered four tombs
dating to Dynasty XXVI, two of which were well preserved and
decorated. The first of the two inscribed tombs belonged to
Djedamun-ef-ankh, an apparently wealthy landowner or merchant of
Bahariya and though he held no priestly or political titles he was
able to commission a large and elaborate tomb, complete with unusual
(for Bahariya) round pillars, several painted false doors and
extensive religious scenes. Djedamun-ef-ankh is depicted offering to
the gods in his burial chamber and the ceiling is painted with
representations of the goddess Nekhbet as a vulture in a starry sky.
The tombs are reached via an iron ladder down a deep shaft. The second
tomb belonged to Djedamun-ef-ankh's son, also a powerful businessman
whose name was Bannentiu. This tomb is even larger and more ornately
decorated than the first, having a square-pillared hall and three
side-chambers. The tomb has recently been consolidated and restored by
the Supreme Council of Antiquities and is stunningly painted in
vibrant reds and ochres - the brilliant earth-tones of the oasis.
While Horus and Thoth guard the entrance to the burial chamber, the
deceased is shown on the plastered walls before a leopard-skin clad
Iunmutef priest and an array of gods, including Amun-Re, Horus, Anubis,
Wepwawet, Nefertum Re-Horakhty, Khons and others. Both of these tombs
had been plundered in antiquity and re-used for collective burials
during the Roman Period. They are historically important in that they
show that pious nobility of the oasis during the Late Period, if they
were wealthy enough, were able to construct elaborate burial places
with scenes previously reserved for more lofty individuals.
Unfortunately the decoration in Bannentiu's tomb was damaged some
years ago when thieves hacked away some of the reliefs. The culprit
was caught and the blocks recovered and taken to Cairo Museum, but
they have not yet been restored in the tomb.
In 1947, Ahmed Fakhry uncovered three Dynasty XXVI tombs in another
ridge nearby at Qarat el-Subi, whose entrances were subsequently
hidden by new buildings on the edge of Bawiti. However, in 1999 the
Supreme Council of Antiquities rediscovered the tombs after being
alerted to the possibility of locals digging for artefacts in the
residential area. After beginning excavations the archaeologists
located Fakhry's three tombs, belonging to Ped'ashtar, a high Priest
of Khons and priest of Horus, his grandson Thaty and Thaty's wife Ta-Nefert-Bastet,
who can be seen on reliefs wearing an unusual long white fringed robe
in the Libyan style. These tombs had also been robbed and re-used
during Roman times. Fakhry knew that the tomb of Bahariya's famous
governor Djedkhonsu-ef-ankh was nearby, he had found traces of the
chapel's walls beneath one of the Bawiti houses but was unable to
excavate it at the time. In April 2000 the SCA, under the direction of
Dr Zahi Hawass, finally discovered the tomb of Djedkhonsu-ef-ankh,
which contains beautiful painted decorations more usually seen in the
tombs of the New Kingdom. The burial chamber was found to contain the
large limestone sarcophagus of the deceased, an alabaster coffin and
the damaged mummy of Djedkhonsu-ef-ankh himself still inside a third
coffin. Six gold amulets representing various deities were found on
the body. Archaeologists are still investigating this area in the hope
that the burials of other members of Djedkhonsu-ef-ankh's family may
yet be found. During excavations in 2002 to 2003 Dr Hawass found the
remains of a house of a governor of the oasis near to these tombs.
On the southern edge of Bawiti is an area known locally as Qarat el-Faragi,
or the 'Hill of the Chicken Merchant', because of the large number
mummified birds found there. The galleries of sacred ibis and falcon
burials which are contained in the ridge of Qarat el-Faragi actually
now lie under the modern cemetery and are not open to the public.
Dating from the Late Period to Graeco-Roman times, mummified bird
burials were common in Egypt as a way of offering to or petitioning
the gods and are often found in extensive warrens of tunnels
stretching far underground. Qarat el-Faragi is no exception and here
Fakhry found a central gallery with many other galleries branching
off, each having recesses in the walls for stacking the jars which
contained the mummified birds. He also found inscribed graffiti
representing deities on the walls and many votive objects associated
with the burials.
Another recent excavation near Bawiti has begun to uncover what is
thought to be a Temple dedicated to the Roman god Hercules (Egyptian
Herishef), believed to have been constructed or at least decorated
during the first century BC, in the name of the Emperor Octavian
Augustus. Several images of other Egyptian and Roman deities were also
found in the ruins in the form of statuettes and stelae, with
inscriptions in demotic and hieratic script as well as Greek. Although
the temple is now almost completely destroyed, there are sufficient
remains to determine the layout of the structure, which contained
three chapels in its sanctuary. In early 2002, three new tombs were
found in a local house in Bawiti and subsequently excavated by the
Supreme Council of Antiquities who also discovered a temple of Amun-Re
for which the SCA had been searching for fifteen years. The mission
discovered the walls and columns of the temple on which hieroglyphic
inscriptions to Amun-Re were found.
Many more sites around Bawiti are awaiting excavation and there is no
doubt that there is a great deal in this area yet to be discovered in
the years to come. |